Start with a clear newsletter promise
Before growing, define exactly what subscribers are signing up for. "A weekly newsletter about X for Y" is your promise. Vague newsletters attract vague subscribers who never open. Specific newsletters attract readers who genuinely want what you are offering and will stay subscribed.
Write your promise statement before building your signup page. It should name the topic, the reader, and the frequency in one sentence. If you cannot write that sentence clearly, your newsletter is not ready to grow — because you do not yet know what you are growing.
The promise is also your filter. Every issue you write should deliver on it. Every growth tactic you run should be targeted at the reader your promise describes.